Logarithms, step by step

A logarithm asks one question: which power of the base lands on this number?

The question

What is log₉ 1/81?

log₉ 1/81

9² = 81
9⁻² = 1/81
log₉ 1/81 = −2
  1. log₉ 1/81 asks a question: which power of 9 lands on 1/81? It is not an instruction to divide by 9 — that is the mistake this notation collects.
  2. 1/81 is 1 over 81, and a negative exponent is what writes a reciprocal: 9⁻² means 1 ÷ 9². So the power that lands on 1/81 is the same one, turned over.
  3. So log₉ 1/81 is −2. A logarithm is negative exactly when the number is between 0 and 1 — nothing has gone wrong.

How it works.

  1. 01

    log₉ 1/81 asks a question: which power of 9 lands on 1/81? It is not an instruction to divide by 9 — that is the mistake this notation collects.

  2. 02

    1/81 is 1 over 81, and a negative exponent is what writes a reciprocal: 9⁻² means 1 ÷ 9². So the power that lands on 1/81 is the same one, turned over.

  3. 03

    So log₉ 1/81 is −2. A logarithm is negative exactly when the number is between 0 and 1 — nothing has gone wrong.